Polish Markers

List of 21 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Markers
mentioning Polish-related persons and/or events (in order of installation)
The historical markers are registered trademarks ® of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and are copyright protected. Used with permission.

Marker Name: Moland House
County: Bucks
Date Dedicated (as: Headquarters Farm) Tuesday, October 21, 1947
Date Rededicated (as: Moland House) Saturday, August 19, 2006
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: 1641 Old York Rd., Hartsville
Category: American Revolution, George Washington, Military
Marker Text:
Gen. Washington's headquarters Aug. 10-23, 1777, during the Neshaminy encampment of 11,000 troops. Here, the Marquis de Lafayette functioned for the first time as Major General at the Council of War on Aug. 21, and Count Casimir Pulaski of Poland met Washington for the first time. An experienced military commander, Pulaski was later appointed Brigadier General of mounted troops and is remembered as the "Father of the American Cavalry."
Dedication by: Warwick Township Historical Society
Old Moland House Marker (Headquarters Farm)

Marker Name: Battle of Brandywine
County: Delaware
Date Dedicated: Monday, May 12, 1952
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: U.S. 202 & 322 just S of Dilworthtown Rd., 1.6 miles N of U.S. 1, Chadds Ford
Category: Military, American Revolution, George Washington
Marker Text:
The battle ended just southwest of here at nightfall. With Howe and his troops holding the field, Washington's force withdrew to Chester. Although he was wounded, Lafayette helped to reorganize the retreating troops, and Pulaski's cavalry protected them from attack.

Marker Name: Sisters' House
County: Northampton
Date Dedicated: Tuesday, October 13, 1953
Marker Type: City
Location: 50 W. Church St., Bethlehem
Category: Women
Marker Text:
Built in 1744. Brothers' House until 1748. Here unmarried sisters plied many of the arts and crafts for women. In 1778, Pulaski's banner was made by them.

Marker Name: Polish Army
County: Allegheny
Date Dedicated: Sunday, April 3, 1960
Marker Type: City
Location: 97 S. 18th St., South Side, Pittsburgh
Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Military, Military Post-Civil War-

Marker Text:
At hall on this site on April 3, 1917, a speech by I. J. Paderewski to delegates at convention of the Polish Falcons began the movement to recruit a Polish army in U.S. to fight in Europe with Allies for creating an independent Poland.

Marker Name: Anthony Sadowski
County: Berks
Date Dedicated: Sunday, September 18, 1966
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: U.S. 422 eastbound near graveyard, Douglassville
Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Government & Politics, Native American
Marker Text:
Polish pioneer, Indian trader, settled along Schuylkill River in this area, 1712. He served the Provincial Government as a messenger-interpreter during negotiations with Indian tribes in 1728. He was buried, 1736, in graveyard of St. Gabriel's Church.
Dedication by: Edward Pinkowski

Marker Name: Thaddeus Kosciuszko
County: Philadelphia
Date Dedicated: Sunday, October 22, 1967
Marker Type: City
Location: NW corner 3rd & Pine Sts., Philadelphia
Category: Military, Ethnic & Immigration, American Revolution
Marker Text:
After serving as a military engineer during the American Revolution, he later led an uprising in his native Poland. Exiled, the General resided in this house from November, 1797, to May, 1798.
Dedication by: Kosciuszko Commemorative Committee, Edward Pinkowski Chairman

Marker Name: Pulaski's Banner
County: Northampton
Date Dedicated: Saturday, October 12, 1974
Marker Type: City
Location: W. Market St. at Moravian Cemetery, Bethlehem
Category: Women, Military, American Revolution-

Marker Text:
While Pulaski guarded this area in 1778, the Moravian women made a banner which his cavalry bore until he died at the Siege of Savannah in 1779. The banner was later immortalized in a poem by Longfellow.
Dedication by: Central Council of Polish Organizations (Pittsburgh)

Marker Name: Casimir Pulaski
County: Delaware
Date Dedicated: Saturday, September 13, 1975
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: U.S. 1 E of Chadds Ford near entrance to Brandywine Battlefield State Park
Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Military, American Revolution, George Washington
Marker Text:
Polish volunteer, commanded cavalry detachment helping to cover Washington's retreat from Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777. As brigadier general, served Sept. 1777-March 1778 as first overall commander of the Continental Army's cavalry. He was mortally wounded at the siege of Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779.
Dedication by: Brandywine Battlefield State Park Commission

Marker Name: Joseph A. "Jock" Yablonski (1910-1969)
Dedicated: Saturday, November 04, 1995
County: Washington
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Coal, Government & Politics 20th Century, Labor
GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.88956, LAT: 40.06668
Location: 3rd & Wood Sts., California
Marker Text:
A longtime resident of California and elected official of the United Mine Workers of America. He led efforts to improve working conditions for coal miners. On December 31, 1969--shortly after his defeat as a reform candidate for president of the UMW--he, his wife Margaret, and their daughter Charlotte were assassinated. In 1972, reformers were elected to leadership of the UMW.

Marker Name: Lattimer Massacre
County: Luzerne
Date Dedicated: Friday, September 12, 1997
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: Pa. 924 at Harwood
Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Labor
Marker Text:
Near here at Harwood, on Sept. 10, 1897, immigrant coal miners on strike began a march for higher wages and equal rights. Unarmed, they were fired upon at Lattimer by sheriff's deputies. Nineteen marchers -- Polish, Slovak, and Lithuanian -- were killed. The majority of the dead were buried in St. Stanislaus Cemetery, Hazleton. Others were interred in St. Joseph's & Vine Street Cemeteries, Hazleton, and in St. Patrick Cemetery, McAdoo.
Dedication by: Edward Pinkowski

Marker Name: Casimir A. Sienkiewicz (1890-1974)
County: Bucks
Date Dedicated: Friday, October 20, 2006
Marker Type: Roadside
Location: 202 E. Court St., Doylestown
Category: Artists, Business & Industry, Ethnic & Immigration
Marker Text:
Prominent economist and banker who emigrated from Poland in 1906. He was an advisor to federal, state, and local governments, an active civic and community leader, and was also a well-known impressionist painter. In 1964, he was named first chairman of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), one of the largest urban mass transit agencies in the nation. He resided here, 1938-1974.
Dedication by: Doylestown Historical Society, Edward Ludwig President

Marker Name: Ralph Modjeski (1861-1940)
County: Philadelphia
Date Dedicated: Saturday, September 15, 2007
Marker Type: City
Location: NW corner of 6th & Race Sts., Philadelphia
Category: Bridges, Business & Industry, Ethnic & Immigration, Professions & Vocations
Marker Text:
Polish immigrant and civil engineer, Modjeski was one of the most influential figures in American bridge building. He completed the Quebec Bridge on the St. Lawrence River and over 40 others, earning numerous awards. He was chief engineer and designer for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge here, opened in 1926.
Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia

Marker Name: Frank N. Piasecki (1919-2008)
Dedicated: Saturday, April 17, 2010
County: Philadelphia
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Business & Industry, Invention, Military, Professions & Vocations
GPS Coordinates: LNG: -75.1711, LAT: 39.96087
Location: 1937 Callowhill St., north side of Callowhill between 19th & 20th Sts.
Marker Text:
Aviation pioneer Piasecki developed and flew the 2nd helicopter in the US and the world's 1st tandem rotor helicopter, initiating the 1st practical use of rotorcraft in the 1940s. His original company, started here, now a division of Boeing, is a world leader in helicopter production. In 1956, he founded Piasecki Aircraft Corp., continuing development of innovative advanced rotorcraft. Awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1986.
Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia

Marker Name: Col. Francis "Gabby" Gabreski (1919-2002)
Dedicated: Saturday, June 25, 2011
County: Venango
Marker Type: City
Categories: Education, Ethnic & Immigration, Military, Military Post-Civil War
GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.7072, LAT: 41.4416
Location: 410 Seneca St., Oil City
Marker Text:
A US Air Force pilot, he was a leading fighter ace during WWII and the Korean War. He taught fighter tactics to his pilots as squadron commander. He was highly decorated by the US and its allied partners. The son of Polish immigrants, he was born and raised in Oil City.
Dedication by: Pittsburgh Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation and Lodge 905 of the Polish National Alliance in Oil City

Marker Name: Walter Golaski (1913-1996)
Dedicated: Saturday, May 17, 2014
County: Philadelphia
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Education, Ethnic & Immigration, Invention, Professions & Vocations
Location: 34th St. and Lancaster Ave., Philadelphia (Drexel University campus)
Marker Text:
A Polish-American engineer and inventor. In the 1960s Drexel graduate Golaski perfected the Dense Knit Dacron Vascular Prosthesis, the first practical artificial blood vessel replacement, a life-saving medical advance. He began his career designing innovative machinery for the knitting industry, for which he received numerous patents. He encouraged scholarly and cultural exchange between Poland and the US. His workshop was here for many years.
Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia

Marker Name: Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014)
Dedicated: Saturday, October 01, 2016
County: Westmoreland
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Science & Medicine, Military, Police and Safety, Professions & Vocations, Women
GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.76159, LAT: 40.56256
Location: 734 7th St., New Kensington
Marker Text: Polymer scientist whose discoveries led to the invention of DuPont Kevlar in 1965. Used by many industries because of its high strength and durability, this fiber is best known as the super strong material from which bullet-resistant vests are fabricated. This protective gear has been critical to the safety of law enforcement and military personnel worldwide. Kwolek was awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1996. Her former home was here.
Dedicated by: Allegheny-Kiski Valley Historical Society and Robyn Young, Women's Historian

Marker Name: Leopold Stokowski (1882 - 1977)
Dedication: Saturday, September 18, 2021
County: Philadelphia
Marker Type: City
Categories: Art and Music
GPS Coordinates: to be determined
Location: 240 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA
Marker Text:
Visionary music director of The Philadelphia Orchestra, 1912-1941. Possessing a unique combination of musical genius and charisma, he created the "Philadelphia Sound" and promoted classical music to a wide audience in the Disney film Fantasia and hundreds of recordings.

Dedication by: Philadelphia Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation
Sylwia Czajkowska, President

Marker Name: Stan "The Man" Musial (1920-2013)
Dedication: July 30, 2022
County: Washington
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Sports
GPS Coordinates: 40.177662, -79.855087
Location: Sixth & Meldon Ave., Donora, PA
Marker Text: One of baseball's all-time great hitters, Musial was born on Sixth Street. As a youth, he trained in gymnastics at the Polish Falcons and played on the Donora zinc mill men's baseball team. As a St. Louis Cardinal (1941-63), he tallied 3,630 total hits, 475 home runs, and a .331 batting average along with 3 MVP awards, 7 batting titles, and 3 World Series rings. Served in WWII (1945-46). Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969. TBA

Dedication by: Donora Historical Society and Smog Museum

Marker Name: Tom Gola
Dedication: TBA
County: Philadelphia
Marker Type: ?
Categories: Sports and Politics
GPS Coordinates: to be determined
Location: Philadelphia, PA
Proposed Marker Text: TBA

Dedication by: TBA

Marker Name: Edward Piszek (1916-2004)
Dedication: TBA
County: Montgomery
Marker Type: Roadside
Categories: Business and Invention
GPS Coordinates: to be determined
Location: Springfield Township, PA
Proposed Marker Text: TBA

Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia

Marker Name: Hilary Koprowski (1916-2013)
Dedication: TBA
County: Philadelphia
Marker Type: City
Categories: Medical
GPS Coordinates: to be determined
Location: Philadelphia, PA
Proposed Marker Text: TBA

Dedication by: Philadelphia Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation

	Marker Name: Moland House County: Bucks Date Dedicated (as: Headquarters Farm) Tuesday, October 21, 1947 Date Rededicated (as: Moland House) Saturday, August 19, 2006 Marker Type: Roadside Location: 1641 Old York Rd., Hartsville Category: American Revolution, George Washington, Military Marker Text: Gen. Washington's headquarters Aug. 10-23, 1777, during the Neshaminy encampment of 11,000 troops. Here, the Marquis de Lafayette functioned for the first time as Major General at the Council of War on Aug. 21, and Count Casimir Pulaski of Poland met Washington for the first time. An experienced military commander, Pulaski was later appointed Brigadier General of mounted troops and is remembered as the "Father of the American Cavalry." Dedication by: Warwick Township Historical Society Old Moland House Marker (Headquarters Farm)
	Marker Name: Battle of Brandywine County: Delaware Date Dedicated: Monday, May 12, 1952 Marker Type: Roadside Location: U.S. 202 & 322 just S of Dilworthtown Rd., 1.6 miles N of U.S. 1, Chadds Ford Category: Military, American Revolution, George Washington Marker Text: The battle ended just southwest of here at nightfall. With Howe and his troops holding the field, Washington's force withdrew to Chester. Although he was wounded, Lafayette helped to reorganize the retreating troops, and Pulaski's cavalry protected them from attack.
	Marker Name: Sisters' House County: Northampton Date Dedicated: Tuesday, October 13, 1953 Marker Type: City Location: 50 W. Church St., Bethlehem Category: Women Marker Text: Built in 1744. Brothers' House until 1748. Here unmarried sisters plied many of the arts and crafts for women. In 1778, Pulaski's banner was made by them.
	Marker Name: Polish Army County: Allegheny Date Dedicated: Sunday, April 3, 1960 Marker Type: City Location: 97 S. 18th St., South Side, Pittsburgh Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Military, Military Post-Civil War- Marker Text: At hall on this site on April 3, 1917, a speech by I. J. Paderewski to delegates at convention of the Polish Falcons began the movement to recruit a Polish army in U.S. to fight in Europe with Allies for creating an independent Poland.
	Marker Name: Anthony Sadowski County: Berks Date Dedicated: Sunday, September 18, 1966 Marker Type: Roadside Location: U.S. 422 eastbound near graveyard, Douglassville Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Government & Politics, Native American Marker Text: Polish pioneer, Indian trader, settled along Schuylkill River in this area, 1712. He served the Provincial Government as a messenger-interpreter during negotiations with Indian tribes in 1728. He was buried, 1736, in graveyard of St. Gabriel's Church. Dedication by: Edward Pinkowski
	Marker Name: Thaddeus Kosciuszko County: Philadelphia Date Dedicated: Sunday, October 22, 1967 Marker Type: City Location: NW corner 3rd & Pine Sts., Philadelphia Category: Military, Ethnic & Immigration, American Revolution Marker Text: After serving as a military engineer during the American Revolution, he later led an uprising in his native Poland. Exiled, the General resided in this house from November, 1797, to May, 1798. Dedication by: Kosciuszko Commemorative Committee, Edward Pinkowski Chairman
	Marker Name: Pulaski's Banner County: Northampton Date Dedicated: Saturday, October 12, 1974 Marker Type: City Location: W. Market St. at Moravian Cemetery, Bethlehem Category: Women, Military, American Revolution- Marker Text: While Pulaski guarded this area in 1778, the Moravian women made a banner which his cavalry bore until he died at the Siege of Savannah in 1779. The banner was later immortalized in a poem by Longfellow. Dedication by: Central Council of Polish Organizations (Pittsburgh)
	Marker Name: Casimir Pulaski County: Delaware Date Dedicated: Saturday, September 13, 1975 Marker Type: Roadside Location: U.S. 1 E of Chadds Ford near entrance to Brandywine Battlefield State Park Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Military, American Revolution, George Washington Marker Text: Polish volunteer, commanded cavalry detachment helping to cover Washington's retreat from Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777. As brigadier general, served Sept. 1777-March 1778 as first overall commander of the Continental Army's cavalry. He was mortally wounded at the siege of Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. Dedication by: Brandywine Battlefield State Park Commission
	Marker Name: Joseph A. "Jock" Yablonski (1910-1969) Dedicated: Saturday, November 04, 1995 County: Washington Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Coal, Government & Politics 20th Century, Labor GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.88956, LAT: 40.06668 Location: 3rd & Wood Sts., California Marker Text: A longtime resident of California and elected official of the United Mine Workers of America. He led efforts to improve working conditions for coal miners. On December 31, 1969--shortly after his defeat as a reform candidate for president of the UMW--he, his wife Margaret, and their daughter Charlotte were assassinated. In 1972, reformers were elected to leadership of the UMW.
	Marker Name: Lattimer Massacre County: Luzerne Date Dedicated: Friday, September 12, 1997 Marker Type: Roadside Location: Pa. 924 at Harwood Category: Ethnic & Immigration, Labor Marker Text: Near here at Harwood, on Sept. 10, 1897, immigrant coal miners on strike began a march for higher wages and equal rights. Unarmed, they were fired upon at Lattimer by sheriff's deputies. Nineteen marchers -- Polish, Slovak, and Lithuanian -- were killed. The majority of the dead were buried in St. Stanislaus Cemetery, Hazleton. Others were interred in St. Joseph's & Vine Street Cemeteries, Hazleton, and in St. Patrick Cemetery, McAdoo. Dedication by: Edward Pinkowski
	Marker Name: Casimir A. Sienkiewicz (1890-1974) County: Bucks Date Dedicated: Friday, October 20, 2006 Marker Type: Roadside Location: 202 E. Court St., Doylestown Category: Artists, Business & Industry, Ethnic & Immigration Marker Text: Prominent economist and banker who emigrated from Poland in 1906. He was an advisor to federal, state, and local governments, an active civic and community leader, and was also a well-known impressionist painter. In 1964, he was named first chairman of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), one of the largest urban mass transit agencies in the nation. He resided here, 1938-1974. Dedication by: Doylestown Historical Society, Edward Ludwig President
	Marker Name: Ralph Modjeski (1861-1940) County: Philadelphia Date Dedicated: Saturday, September 15, 2007 Marker Type: City Location: NW corner of 6th & Race Sts., Philadelphia Category: Bridges, Business & Industry, Ethnic & Immigration, Professions & Vocations Marker Text: Polish immigrant and civil engineer, Modjeski was one of the most influential figures in American bridge building. He completed the Quebec Bridge on the St. Lawrence River and over 40 others, earning numerous awards. He was chief engineer and designer for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge here, opened in 1926. Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia
	Marker Name: Frank N. Piasecki (1919-2008) Dedicated: Saturday, April 17, 2010 County: Philadelphia Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Business & Industry, Invention, Military, Professions & Vocations GPS Coordinates: LNG: -75.1711, LAT: 39.96087 Location: 1937 Callowhill St., north side of Callowhill between 19th & 20th Sts. Marker Text: Aviation pioneer Piasecki developed and flew the 2nd helicopter in the US and the world's 1st tandem rotor helicopter, initiating the 1st practical use of rotorcraft in the 1940s. His original company, started here, now a division of Boeing, is a world leader in helicopter production. In 1956, he founded Piasecki Aircraft Corp., continuing development of innovative advanced rotorcraft. Awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1986. Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia
	Marker Name: Col. Francis "Gabby" Gabreski (1919-2002) Dedicated: Saturday, June 25, 2011 County: Venango Marker Type: City Categories: Education, Ethnic & Immigration, Military, Military Post-Civil War GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.7072, LAT: 41.4416 Location: 410 Seneca St., Oil City Marker Text: A US Air Force pilot, he was a leading fighter ace during WWII and the Korean War. He taught fighter tactics to his pilots as squadron commander. He was highly decorated by the US and its allied partners. The son of Polish immigrants, he was born and raised in Oil City. Dedication by: Pittsburgh Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation and Lodge 905 of the Polish National Alliance in Oil City
	Marker Name: Walter Golaski (1913-1996) Dedicated: Saturday, May 17, 2014 County: Philadelphia Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Education, Ethnic & Immigration, Invention, Professions & Vocations Location: 34th St. and Lancaster Ave., Philadelphia (Drexel University campus) Marker Text: A Polish-American engineer and inventor. In the 1960s Drexel graduate Golaski perfected the Dense Knit Dacron Vascular Prosthesis, the first practical artificial blood vessel replacement, a life-saving medical advance. He began his career designing innovative machinery for the knitting industry, for which he received numerous patents. He encouraged scholarly and cultural exchange between Poland and the US. His workshop was here for many years. Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia
	Marker Name: Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014) Dedicated: Saturday, October 01, 2016 County: Westmoreland Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Science & Medicine, Military, Police and Safety, Professions & Vocations, Women GPS Coordinates: LNG: -79.76159, LAT: 40.56256 Location: 734 7th St., New Kensington Marker Text: Polymer scientist whose discoveries led to the invention of DuPont Kevlar in 1965. Used by many industries because of its high strength and durability, this fiber is best known as the super strong material from which bullet-resistant vests are fabricated. This protective gear has been critical to the safety of law enforcement and military personnel worldwide. Kwolek was awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1996. Her former home was here. Dedicated by: Allegheny-Kiski Valley Historical Society and Robyn Young, Women's Historian
	Marker Name: Leopold Stokowski (1882 - 1977) Dedication: Saturday, September 18, 2021 County: Philadelphia Marker Type: City Categories: Art and Music GPS Coordinates: to be determined Location: 240 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA Marker Text: Visionary music director of The Philadelphia Orchestra, 1912-1941. Possessing a unique combination of musical genius and charisma, he created the "Philadelphia Sound" and promoted classical music to a wide audience in the Disney film Fantasia and hundreds of recordings. Dedication by: Philadelphia Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation Sylwia Czajkowska, President
	Marker Name: Stan "The Man" Musial (1920-2013) Dedication: July 30, 2022 County: Washington Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Sports GPS Coordinates: 40.177662, -79.855087 Location: Sixth & Meldon Ave., Donora, PA Marker Text: One of baseball's all-time great hitters, Musial was born on Sixth Street. As a youth, he trained in gymnastics at the Polish Falcons and played on the Donora zinc mill men's baseball team. As a St. Louis Cardinal (1941-63), he tallied 3,630 total hits, 475 home runs, and a .331 batting average along with 3 MVP awards, 7 batting titles, and 3 World Series rings. Served in WWII (1945-46). Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969. TBA Dedication by: Donora Historical Society and Smog Museum
	Marker Name: Tom Gola Dedication: TBA County: Philadelphia Marker Type: ? Categories: Sports and Politics GPS Coordinates: to be determined Location: Philadelphia, PA Proposed Marker Text: TBA Dedication by: TBA
	Marker Name: Edward Piszek (1916-2004) Dedication: TBA County: Montgomery Marker Type: Roadside Categories: Business and Invention GPS Coordinates: to be determined Location: Springfield Township, PA Proposed Marker Text: TBA Dedication by: Polish Heritage Society of Philadelphia
	Marker Name: Hilary Koprowski (1916-2013) Dedication: TBA County: Philadelphia Marker Type: City Categories: Medical GPS Coordinates: to be determined Location: Philadelphia, PA Proposed Marker Text: TBA Dedication by: Philadelphia Chapter of the Kosciuszko Foundation

List of 21 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Markers mentioning Polish-related persons and/or events (in order of installation)

List of 21 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Markers
mentioning Polish-related persons and/or events (in order of installation)